Narcotic Analgesics Drugs And The Working Mechanism Of Narcotic Analgesics

Narcotics Analgesics Drug Definition - narcotics analgesics are a group of drugs that reduce or eliminate the pain without eliminating consciousness. pain in most things simply is a signs, which is safety and giving the sign of the danger of a disruption in the body such as : inflammation (rheumatism, gout ), infectious germs, muscle spasms, and others.

the cause of the onset of pain is mechanical or chemical stimulation can cause damage to the tissues and cause he gave up pain mediators (histamine, bradykinin, prostagladin serotonin, and others). these substances will stimulate pain receptors located on the ends of nerves in the skin, mucous membranes or tissues or other organs.

from the pain stimulus sensory nerves through streamed to the CNS (Central Nervous Order) through the spinal cord to the thalamus and then to the center of a huge pain in the brain, where the stimulus is perceived as pain.

fever is a symptoms, and not a disease unto itself as considered by many people. Experts have opinion that fever is a reaction when the temperature exceeded 40 degrees Celsius.new critical situations will occurs that can be fatal, because it is not controlled by the body.

The Mechanism Of The Pain Barrier :

to interrupt the formation of receptor-receptor stimulation in peripheral pain, by peripheral or local anesthetics analgesics.

to interrupt channeling its sense of pain in the sensory nervous, for example with local anesthetics

the blockade of central pain in the CNS with narcotics analgesic or general anesthetics.

The Types Of Pain Therapy

1. Mild Pain Therapy

mild pain therapy such as toothache, headache, sore muscles on viral infections, menstrual pain, sprains, and others. can use the peripheral analgesic like asetosal, paracetamol, antalgin, and others.

2. Therapy Of Chronic Pain Light

therapy of chronically pain light such as : rheumatic, in which there is inflammation of the joins : can be used analgesics ad or anti-inflammation such as : asetosal, insometazin, ibuprofen, and others.

Several Other Chronic Disease Are :

lower back pain among others due to the abnormality of the spine which stimulates the nervous or connective tissue, can be used analgesics anti inflammation along with a muscle relaxant (diazepam).

vascular headache, including migraines, can be treated with klonidin or ergotamin.

nerves pain (neuralgia) specifically can only be cured by medicines such as epilepsy : karbamazepin (tegretol) and primidon (mysolin).

3. Great Pain Therapy

great pain therapy like pain in organs (stomach, intestine), among others, due to colic or seizure on the attack of kidney stones or gallstones, can be used analgesics central (narcotics) and antispasmodic, e.g. morphine with antrofin, buticskopolamin with antalgin (buskopan), and others.

on myocardial heart are not allowed to use the morphine because regarding the effect on blood pressure and breathing, but the use of drugs that it workd very fast like : duragesic.

4. Great Pain Therapy of Chronically

great pain therapy chronic urban such as : cancer, or sometimes rheumatism and neuralgia, only the nutritious medicines that can be used such as : fentanil, tramadol, and others.

Classifications Of Analgesics Drugs

analgesics drugs can be grouped or classified into two major groups, namely analgesic narcotics and analgesics non-narcotics.

A. Analgesics Narcotic

analgesics narcotic pain barrier once had with point work on the SSP. substance is generally reduces consciousness (relieve and putting), leading to a feeling of comfort (euphoria) and can lead to tolerance and habits (habituation), as well as causing physical and psychological dependence (addiction)

Analgesics Narcotic Drugs Group

Opium Alkaloids : heroin, morphine, hydro-morphine, hydro-codon and dioxin.

substitute for morphine, namely : petidin, duragesic, methadone, fenantren and other.

Mechanism Of Action Of Analgesic Narcotics

in 1975 has been found analgesic in the endogenous experiment animals, i.e. endocrine or enkefalin (endogenous morphine). chemically endocrine is a large molecule composed of amino acid polypeptide with 5 and was able to occupy the receptors of pain receptors in the CNS so feeling pain in the block.

analgesic narcotic properties based on the ability to occupy the rest of the pain receptors has not been occupied by the enkefalin-enkefalin. but if the analgesic are given continuously, hence the creation of the receptor-receptors in stimulated and enkofalin tanks on the production conditions of the brain are blocked so the habit and addiction.

common side effects of morphine and other narcotics that at analgesic doses can cause stomach disorders-bowel (nausea, vomiting, obstipasi), also other central effects such as sedition, restlessness, euphoria.

at higher doses cause more dangerous effects such as respiratory depression, decreased blood pressure, impaired blood circulation, and can lead to coma and respiratory standstill.

A1. Morphine

the source of morphine retrieved from the SAP of the fruit of pap-aver somniferum.

Improved : analgesics well as powerful, morphine has a central work such as : lose a sense of consciousness (hypnotic sedation). inhibit breathing, eliminating a reflex coughs, euphoria (sense of comfort).

The Use Of Morphine

the use of morphine treatment especially in great pain, either acute or chronic. for example : cancer, surgery, administering orally is not effective due to absorption from the bowel less well, in intra or subcutaneous muscular better and effective. combination with atropine or skopolamin is useful to reduce the side effects.

Antidote : overdose or intoxication with morphine used antidote or the antagonism, i.e. nalorfine or nalakson.

Dosage :

oral a day 3 times a day @ 10-30 mg

i.m : maximum 100 mg, 10-20 mg per day

side effects : constipation, respiratory depression, hypertension, CNS disorders, nausea, vomiting

A2. Heroin Diastase-Morphine

heroin or morphine diasetil is a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine with efficacy analgesics stronger than morphine, but resulted in a fast and great addict that are not used anymore in therapy

A3. Codeine (Metilmorphine)

codeine is derivative of morphine which has improved the analgesic 6 times weaker than morphine, concerning side effects is also lighter, then the codeine is used ti suppress cough and its sense of pain in the body.

The Use Of Codeine

codeine is used as a cough medicine, often in combination with barbiturates because of the effects of codeine cough against more powerful.

Side Effects Of Codeine

that often happens is dizzy and nauseous

The Recommended Dose For Administering Codeine

3-5 times a day @20-0 mg

A4. Petidin

petidin is a analgesic narcotics are made synthetically where its chemical structure more morphine than mirio by atropine.

Use Of Petidin

petidin effect analgesic lighter than morphine, but more potent than codeine, nutritious also suppresses cough and has its sense of power spasmolitic

Petidine Side Effects

side effects of petidine lighter than morphine in high doses cause the vasodilatory, tremor, and convulsion, so that it can be used in the case of delivery and asthma. petidin can cause addict rapidly anyway.

Dose The Granting Petidin

rectal or i.m. 50-100 mg. a maximum of 200 mg and 600 mg per day

A5. Duragesic

duragesic is have fenilpiperidin (as petidin) with efficacy analgesic 80 times stronger than morphine. star work quickly, in 2-3 seconds (i.m, or i.v) butshort once, just 30 minutes away.

The Use Duragesic

fentanil used to reduce pain after surgery, usually combined with droperidol neuroleptika duragesic, side effects and almost the same as side effects on morphine.

Dose : 0,05 - 0,10 mg per 1-2 hours after surgery

A6. Nalorphine

nalorphine has the chemical formula similar to morphine with the cluster of atoms N-allyl. this substance can be antagonist of morphine and other narcotics analgesic. especially respiratory inhibition.

Nalorphine Usage

in overdose or intoxication with narcotic analgesic drugs

Nalorphine Granting Dose

the given dose or i.v. is the recommeneded 5-10 mg, if necessary repeated after 5 minutes old. it works more or less 4 hours.

A7. Nalakson

nalakson is the latest that have had an antagonistic effects is stronger, but it works. the use of nalakson used in the case of addicted to morphine or heroin addiction. with a dose of the grant awarding is a oral nalakson 1-5 mg.

Narcotic Analgesics Drugs And The Working Mechanism Of Narcotic Analgesics