Anatomy Physiology And Functional Of The Cell System
Anatomy Physiology And Functional Of The Cell System
When the cells alive, cells must obtain nutrients and other substances from the surrounding fluid, substances that can pass through the cell membrane, 3 way, namely :
a. diffusion through pores in the membrane or matrix through the membrane itself.
b. active transport through the membrane, a mechanism of enzyme system places and astringent special carrier substances in the membrane.
c. a mechanism of Endocytosis membrane swallow the liquid contents, extracell and transport of substances through a cell membrane is a special function, endocytosis is a special cell : cell function
1. phagocytosis
phagocytosis is a eaten big particles by cells such as bacteria, cells and other particles of macular tissues, phagocytosis occurs when certain objects are in contact with the membrane of cell that have a negative charge will eat rejected because under normal circumstances endocytosis negatively charged. whereas when a positively charged will be very susceptible to phagocytosis, and will be attached to the antibody, therefore difagositosis.
2. pinocytosis
pinocytosis is a droplet of fluid uptake by the cell that results from the response to certain substances that come into contact with the cell membrane. two of the most important substance in this case is a protein and electrolyte solution, this is a powerful way of protein through the cell membrane.
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| functional of the cell system |
a. Digestive Organs Cell (Lysosomes)
after the phagocytic and pinocytic are formed in cells, one or lisosom, attached to a place starting be hydrolysis vesicle protein, glyucogen, lipids, nucleic acids and other substances in the mukopolisakarida vesicles.
the results of digestion is the small molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and phosphate can diffuse through the membrane vesicles into the cytoplasm. remaining in the vesicles digestive residual, is called the body of substances which cannot to be digested. this substance is finally in be excretion through the cell membrane through a process of eksositosis
often the body's tissues undergo regression (setbacks in development)size is getting smaller. for example, the diminution of the uterus after delivery, muscles during inactivity, and mammary glands at the end of lactation. the lack of activity on the network causes a decrease in the activity of the lysosomes.
the role of lysosomes in particular is to remove damaged cells from tissues e.g. due to heat, cold, trauma, chemicals and other factors. cell damage causes the lysosomes and hydrolyses secreted a broke and digest organic substances in the vicinity. if damage is light, only some cells that are discarded in the follow with repair cells, if damage is severe, then the entire cell will be digested and is named autolisis.
eksositosis is a protein secreted by the cells is wrapped by granule, moving from endoplasmic reticulum towards complex glogi. this membrane moves along microtubules to the cell membrane, and then come together and break apart, the contents of the granules out of cells and cell membrane intact again this process is called eksositosis.
endocytosis is the opposite of eksositosis, a form of endocytosis is phagocytosis 9cell eating) and pinositosis (cell drinking) by the fluid droplet returns when bacteria (dead tissue) other small substances that can be seen under the microscope engulfed by cells.
a substance that is associated with the cell membrane resulting in cell membranes undergo invaginasi (inclusion of a crease to the other) and despite leaving substances ingested are in vacuoles which are covered by a membrane and cell membrane can be returned intact.
substance are eaten. located in the solution. in the cell membrane which covers the pinocytic and phagocytic united with the lysosomes and cause a mixture of digestive enzymes within the lysosomes with vacuoles can digest. endocytosis can occur without the mediation of receptor (stimuli).
b. Energy Extraction Of Nutrients
the main nutrients the cells is from groceries (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) that is entered into a cell in the cell, this food material chemically reacts with oxygen under the influence of various. enzymes that regulate the speed of reaction and the dissipate the energy that comes out with the right direction.
the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) : the energy released from nutrients used to from ATP, the bond contains 8000 calories / molecule / ATP stored in the chemical bonds of other organic compounds with high energy term.
this bond is very labile so that it can be broken out if it takes energy to instantly improve the reaction of other cells. when ATP release energy, chain breaking, phosphoric acid is formed by ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphoric acid form ATP again recently. this process continuously.
the majority of ATP is formed in the cell is the role of the mitochondria. a variety of food in the beginning is digested in the digestive into glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, then enter into the cell is converted to compound KoA (keto-acetate). further breaks into hydrogen and carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide diffuses out mitochondria and finally out of the cell.
hydrogen atoms associated with carrier substances and brought to the surface of the rack that stands out i the mitochondria. on these shelves attached to the oxidative enzymes and accentuates the details of ATP-ase (adenosine-triphosphatase )
The Use Of ATP for The Cell Function.
- membrane ion transport : transport of potassium ions, phosphate, chloride ion, and hydrogen ions to the establishment of the cell
- synthesis of chemical compounds throughout the cell : phospholipids, cholesterol purin, piramidin. all chemical synthesis requires energy (e.g. one molecule of protein can be formed from several thousand amino acids bound with each other by peptide bonds).
- mechanical work : each contraction muscle fibrils requires large amounts of ATP aside from that cell movements also do cilia and movement amubid.
enzyme that catalyse change ADP into ATP through a series of reactions that cause hydrogen atoms associated with oxygen. during these reactions energy is removed from the binding of hydrogen with oxygen which is used to activate ATP-ase and controlling the reaction for the formation of a large amount of ATP from ADP.
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